contrivers

of the system of criminal justice as it is known today envisioned a utopia: isolation, in some cases biological disabling, rehabilitation, etc- that utopia has indeed proved impossible, degenerative, and subject to the environment of its conception. While Hooton strove to not unduly indict the "Negro and Negroid" population in his studies, the characteristics he identifies are often fit into a discourse of existing racism within systems of policing and incarceration.